Ifumbire cyangwa Ibora: Ni iyihe paki idafite ingaruka ku bidukikije irusha izindi kuba nziza?

Amagambo nka "biobolable" na "compostable" akunze gukoreshwa nk'aho asobanura ikintu kimwe, nyamara atanga umusaruro utandukanye cyane. Hari ibicuruzwa bisiga microplastics, mu gihe ibindi bipfa gusa mu bihe runaka byo gufumbira ifumbire mvaruganda abakoresha benshi batageraho. Uru rujijo rugira ingaruka ku bicuruzwa, abaguzi, ndetse no kuAbatanga ibikoresho byo gupakira bitangiza ibidukikije, bigatuma bigorana guhitamo ibikoresho by'ingirakamaro koko.

Gusobanukirwaifumbire mvaruganda ugereranije n'iboraNtabwo bikiri akantu gato - bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku miterere y'imyanda, intego zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, n'ingaruka nyazo ku bidukikije.

1. Mu by'ukuri "Bibora" bisobanura iki?

1.1 Uburyo ibintu bishobora kubora bibora

Abantu benshi bibaza bati: mu by'ukuri, ikintu gishobora kubora bivuze iki?
Ibintu bishobora kubora ni ikintu gishobora kwangizwa na mikorobe nka bagiteri na fungi. Utu tunyabuzima dutungwa n'ibintu hanyuma tukabihindura buhoro buhoro ibintu bito.

Ibintu bisanzwe bishobora kubora birimo:

• Ibisigazwa by'ibiryo
• Impapuro
• Bimwe mu bikoresho bishingiye ku bimera
• Amwe mu mapulasitiki yanditseho ko ashobora kubora

Ariko, ijambo "rishobora kubora" rivuga igice cy'inkuru gusa. Ntirisobanura uburyo ibikoresho byangirika vuba, imiterere ikenewe, cyangwa niba ibisigazwa byangiza bikiriho.

1.2 Impamvu "kutagira igihe ntarengwa" ari ikibazo gikomeye

Ikibazo gikomeye kiri ku ijambo "kubora" ni uko nta gihe ntarengwa cyemewe n'amategeko cyangwa gisanzwe gihari ku gihe cyo kwangirika kw'ibintu bigomba kumara. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa byanditseho kororoka bishobora gucika burundu mu mezi make, mu gihe ibindi bishobora kumara imyaka 5, 10, 50, cyangwa amagana. Abakora bashobora gukoresha iryo jambo mu buryo bworoshye kuko nta gipimo mpuzamahanga gishyiraho igihe runaka. Ibi bivuze ko ishashi ya pulasitiki yanditseho "kubora" ishobora kuba ikiriho mu ifuru nyuma y'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo. Hatabayeho igihe ntarengwa gisobanutse neza, ikirango kiba ijambo ry'ubucuruzi kuruta isezerano ryizewe. Niyo mpamvu impuguke nyinshi mu bidukikije zivuga ko iri jambo rikunze kuyobya abaguzi basanzwe.

1.3 Ingaruka zihishe zo kwangirika kwa microplastics

Iyo ibintu bishobora kubora byangiritse buhoro cyane cyangwa bitarangiritse neza, akenshi bihinduka uduce duto twa pulasitiki ibihumbi twitwa microplastics aho kuzimira burundu. Utu duce akenshi tuba duto cyane kurusha mm 5 kandi dushobora kuguma mu butaka, mu migezi, mu biyaga no mu nyanja igihe kirekire cyane. Inyamaswa zibeshya ko ari ibiryo, inyoni n'amafi birarya, kandi utwo duce dushobora kuzamuka mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa kugira ngo tugere ku bantu. Microplastics zabonetse mu mazi yo kunywa, mu munyu, ndetse no mu maraso y'abantu no mu bihaha. Kubera iyi ngaruka, abahanga benshi ubu bavuga ko kwita ikintu "cyabora" bidahita bikigira umutekano cyangwa ko ari cyiza ku bidukikije.

2. Ni iki gituma "Ishobora guhingwa" itandukanye — kandi ikagorana

2.1 Igomba guhinduka ifumbire nyayo, ntabwo ari uduce duto gusa

Gupfunyika ifumbire bigomba gukora ibirenze gucikamo ibice gusa. Igomba kubora burundu ikaba ifumbire ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri - ibintu byijimye, bisa n'ubutaka butose abahinzi bakunda kandi bigafasha ibimera gukura neza. Mu mpera z'igikorwa, nta bice bigaragara bigomba gusigara kandi nta miti mibi isigaye mu ifumbire. Iki gicuruzwa cya nyuma ni cyiza gukoreshwa mu mirima, mu busitani no mu mashyamba nta kwanduza. Intego si ukubura gusa, ahubwo ni ukurema ikintu cy'ingirakamaro kandi cyiza ku bidukikije. Iryo ni ryo tandukaniro ry'ingenzi rituma ifumbire iba icyiciro gikomeye cyane.

2.2 Ibisabwa bine by'ingenzi mu kwemeza

Kugira ngo iki gicuruzwa cyitwe ko gishobora gukoreshwa mu ifumbire y'imborera ku mugaragaro, kigomba gutsinda ibizamini bine by'ingenzi bya siyansi byashyizweho n'amahame mpuzamahanga.

• Ubwa mbere, nibura 90% by'ibinyabutabire bigomba kwangirika bikavamo ibintu karemano nka dioxyde de carbone, amazi, na biomass mu gihe runaka.
• Icya kabiri, igomba kwangirika mu buryo bufatika - bivuze ko nta bice binini bisigaye nyuma yo gufumbira.
• Icya gatatu, ifumbire mvaruganda igomba gutsinda ikizamini cy’uburozi bw’ibidukikije kigaragaza ko itangiza ibimera cyangwa ubuzima bw’ubutaka.
• Icya kane, igikorwa cyose gikunze kurangira mu minsi 180 mu buryo bwo gukora ifumbire mvaruganda.

Aya mategeko akaze atuma ibivugwa biba ari ukuri kandi bipimwe.

2.3 Impamyabushobozi zemewe cyane zo gufumbira ku isi yose

Impamyabushobozi zizewe cyane zirimo BPI (Ikigo cy’Ibicuruzwa Bibora) muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, gikoresha igipimo cya ASTM D6400 mu gukora ifumbire mvaruganda. Mu Burayi, igipimo cya EN 13432 kiramenyerewe, gikunze kugaragaraho ikirango cya "Imbuto" cya TÜV Otirishiya. Ushobora kandi kubona "OK composite INDUSTRIAL" ku nyubako z’ubucuruzi cyangwa "OK composite HOME" nshya yo gukora ifumbire mvaruganda mu gikari. Ibi birango bivuze ko laboratwari zigenga zagerageje umusaruro inshuro nyinshi. Iyo ubonye kimwe muri ibi birango, ushobora kwizera ko ikintu kizakora neza nk'uko cyasezeranijwe mu bihe bikwiye.

3. Gutunganya ifumbire y'imborera mu nganda ugereranije n'iy'urugo: Itandukaniro nyaryo ni irihe?

3.1 Gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda: ubushyuhe bwinshi, vuba, kandi biboneka cyane

Ibikoresho byo gufumbira ifumbire mvaruganda (cyangwa ubucuruzi) ni inganda nini z’abahanga zigenzura ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umwuka wa ogisijeni, no guhinduranya ibirundo. Bituma ikirundo cy’ifumbire mvaruganda gishyuha cyane - akenshi kiri hagati ya 55°C na 70°C - ibyo bigatuma cyangirika vuba cyane. Ipaki yemewe cyane y’ifumbire, nkaIbikombe bya PLA, ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa “device”, n'amasakoshi menshi, byagenewe by'umwihariko ubushyuhe. Muri bene ibyo bikoresho, ibintu bikunze kwangirika burundu mu minsi 90-180. Imijyi myinshi yo mu bihugu byateye imbere ubu ifite gahunda z'inganda zo gukusanya ibisigazwa by'ibiribwa n'ibipfunyika bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika hamwe.

3.2 Gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda mu rugo: kugabanya ubushyuhe, buhoro buhoro, ibikoresho bike

Gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda mu rugo biba mu bigega cyangwa mu birundo aho ubushyuhe bukunze kuguma bukonje cyane - akenshi usanga ari 20–40°C bitewe n'ikirere n'uburyo ikirundo gicungwa neza. Kubera ubushyuhe buke, kwangirika buhoro kandi ntibirangira neza ku bikoresho byinshi. Ibicuruzwa bike gusa ni byo bibona icyemezo cyihariye cya "OK compost HOME", bivuze ko bishobora kubora neza mu gikoresho gisanzwe cy'ifumbire mvaruganda mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe. PLA nyinshi n'izindi bioplastic zisanzwe ntizikora neza mu bushyuhe bwo mu rugo kandi zishobora gusiga uduce duto inyuma.

3.3 Impamvu ibirango byo gufumbira bifite akamaro kurusha uko ubitekereza

Gushyira ikintu kitari cyo mu buryo butari bwo bw'ifumbire mvaruganda biteza ibibazo bikomeye. Ibicuruzwa byemewe n'inganda gusa byongewe mu gisanduku cyo mu rugo akenshi ntibishobora kwangirika neza kandi bishobora kwanduza ifumbire mvaruganda irangiye. Ku rundi ruhande, ibintu byemewe n'inganda akenshi bikora neza no mu nganda. Gusuzuma neza icyapa birinda imyanda, birinda kwanduza imigezi y'ifumbire mvaruganda, kandi bikerekana neza ko inyungu ku bidukikije ibaho koko. Itandukaniro rito mu magambo ari ku cyapa rishobora kwemeza niba ikintu gifasha isi cyangwa giteza ibibazo bishya.

4. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gupakira ifumbire

4.1 Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika ifumbire

PLA, cyangwa aside polylactic, ni imwe muri pulasitiki zikunzwe cyane muri iki gihe. Ikorwa hakoreshejwe isukari y'ibimera iva mu bigori, ibisheke, cyangwa imyumbati ikayihinduramo aside lactic, hanyuma ikayihinduramo pulasitiki ikomeye kandi isobanutse. PLA ikora neza kuriibikombe by'ibinyobwa bikonje, ibikoresho bya salade, n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa “grablery” bikoreshwa mu gihe runaka kuko bisa kandi bisa na pulasitiki isanzwe. Bishobora gufumbira neza mu nganda zigera ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Ariko, PLA irashya cyane kandi ntikwiriye ibiryo bishyushye cyane keretse byavuwe neza.

4.2 PBAT: polimeri isanzwe ishobora guhingwa

PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) ni bioplastic yoroshye kandi iramba ikunze kuvangwa na PLA kugira ngo ikore imifuka ikomeye, amafirime, n'ibipfunyika by'ibiribwa. Ituma imifuka ifumbire idacika vuba iyo utwaye ibiribwa cyangwa utwaye. Kimwe na PLA, PBAT yagenewe kwangirika burundu mu gihe cyo gukora ifumbire mu nganda mu gihe cy'iminsi 180. Guhuza PLA na PBAT bitanga ibintu byinshi by'ingirakamaro bishobora gufumbira tubona mu maduka manini na za cafe muri iki gihe.

4.3 Amasashe, impapuro zikozwe mu mpapuro, n'izindi fibre karemano

Bagasse ni ibisigazwa by’imigozi nyuma y’uko ibisheke bisheshwe kugira ngo bikuremo isukari. Bishyirwa mu masahani akomeye, mu masahani, mu dusanduku tw’ibishishwa, no mu masahani ashobora gutwara neza ibiryo bishyushye n’ibinure. Izindi fibre karemano nk’umugano, amababi y’imikindo, n’ibyatsi by’ingano nazo zikoreshwa cyane mu bicuruzwa bisa. Ibi bikoresho bishingiye kuri fibre akenshi bikora mu nganda no mu ngo. Bisaba intambwe nke zo gutunganya ugereranyije na bioplastics kandi akenshi ntibisiga ibidukikije byinshi.ikirenge.

5. Ibinyoma bitanu bikunze kugaragara ku bicuruzwa bishobora kubora n'ibishobora kubora

5.1 “Ishobora kubora bivuze ko ifite umutekano mu nyanja”

Abantu benshi bizera ko ibintu bishobora kubora bizashira mu buryo burambye nibiramuka biguye mu nyanja. Mu by’ukuri, ni plastiki nke cyane zishobora kubora zagenewe cyangwa zemejwe ko zishobora gusenyuka mu mazi akonje, y’umunyu, kandi adakoresha umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni. Inyinshi muri zo zicikamo ibice bito n’ibito - zigatuma habaho plastiki ntoya zangiza inyamaswa zo mu mazi mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo. Ni ibikoresho bike gusa by’umwihariko bifite icyemezo cyo kubora mu mazi, kandi ntibikunze kugaragara mu bipfunyika bya buri munsi.

5.2 “Ibikoresho byose bishobora gufumbirwa bikora mu gisanduku cyanjye cyo mu rugo”

Iki ni kimwe mu bintu bikunze kutumvikanaho cyane. Inyinshi muri pulasitiki zishobora gukoreshwa mu ifumbire n'ibipfunyika bifite icyapa cy' "ifumbire y'inganda" gusa kandi bisaba ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo bimeneke neza. Iyo bishyizwe mu kirundo cy'ifumbire isanzwe yo mu rugo, akenshi bigumaho byose cyangwa bigasiga ibice bigaragara. Ibicuruzwa bifite icyemezo cyihariye cy'ifumbire y'imborera "YO MU RUGO" ni byo byizewe gukoreshwa mu rugo. Buri gihe soma inyandiko nto iri ku cyapa mbere yo kongeramo ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose ku ifumbire y'imborera yo mu rugo.

5.3 “Izasenyuka mu mwobo w’imyanda”

Aho imyanda ijugunywa ni umwijima, humutse, kandi hafi ya hose nta mwuka uhagije wa ogisijeni - ibinyuranye n'imimerere myiza yo gufumbira. Ndetse n'ibintu byemewe bishobora gufumbira akenshi bihagarara kwangirika iyo bitwikiriwe mu mwobo. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ko pulasitiki ishobora gufumbira ishobora kuguma igaragara mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi muri ibi bidukikije bifite umwuka muke. Niyo mpamvu gahunda zo gukusanya no gufumbira neza ari ngombwa; bitabaye ibyo inyungu ku bidukikije irabura cyane.

5.4 “Ibikoresho bifumbira bihora ari byiza kuruta ibya pulasitiki”

Nubwo uburyo bwo gufumbira ifumbire akenshi ari bwiza cyane kuruta pulasitiki isanzwe, ntabwo ari igisubizo cy'ubumaji. Kubikora biracyakoresha umutungo, ingufu n'ubutaka (cyane cyane ibikoresho bikomoka ku bimera). Iyo abantu bakomeje kugura no kujugunya ibintu byinshi bikoreshwa rimwe, ingaruka muri rusange zizakomeza kuba mbi. Amahitamo meza ku bidukikije ni ukubanza kugabanya ikoreshwa, kongera gukoresha igihe bishoboka, no gukoresha ifumbire ikoreshwa rimwe gusa iyo ikoreshwa rimwe gusa bidashoboka.

5.5 “Impamyabumenyi ntabwo ari ngombwa mu by’ukuri”

Abaguzi bamwe batekereza ko ibyapa byose "byatsi" ari amayeri amwe cyangwa ari amayeri yo kwamamaza gusa. Mu by'ukuri, ibyemezo by'abandi nka BPI, TÜV OK ifumbire, na Seedling bisaba isuzuma rikomeye kandi risubirwamo rya laboratwari ridashobora guhurirana n'ibirego bisanzwe. Hatabayeho icyemezo, ibicuruzwa bishobora kwitwa ko bishobora kubora cyangwa kororoka nubwo byatsindwa ibizamini by'ibanze byo kwangirika. Ibyapa byizewe biha abaguzi icyizere nyacyo cy'uko ibicuruzwa bizakora nk'uko byasezeranijwe.

6. Ifumbire cyangwa Ibora: Ni iyihe nziza ku Isi?

6.1 Igereranya ry'ingaruka ku bidukikije mu gihe kirekire

Iyo urebye ubuzima bwose, ipaki yemewe y’imborera muri rusange igira ingaruka mbi nkeya mu gihe kirekire ugereranyije n’izindi zishobora kubora. Ibintu bishobora kubora bihindura imyanda mo intungamubiri z’agaciro mu butaka, bigabanya imyuka ya methane ituruka mu myanda, kandi birinda guteza microplastics zidashira. Mu buryo bw’imyanda isanzwe, itandukaniro riri hagati y’ipaki y’imborera n’ibora akenshi rigena niba ibikoresho biba imborera y’agaciro cyangwa umwanda w’igihe kirekire. Ku rundi ruhande, ibicuruzwa bishobora kubora, akenshi biracikamo ibice bidashira burundu, bigasiga umwanda mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo cyangwa ibinyejana.

6.2 Impamvu gutata neza ibintu ari ngombwa kuruta ibikoresho gusa

Ndetse n'ibicuruzwa byakozwe neza cyane bishobora gufumbira nta nyungu bitanga iyo bishyizwe mu myanda isanzwe, mu myanda, cyangwa mu bisanduku byo kongera gukoresha. Ibikoresho bitanga inyungu yabyo gusa iyo bigeze ku buryo bukwiye bwo gufumbira cyangwa mu buryo bukwiye bwo gufumbira ifumbire yo mu rugo. Hatabayeho ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya no kumenya abaguzi, gupfunyika ifumbire n'ibora bishobora guhinduka ubundi buryo bwo gupfunyika imyanda. Uburezi na gahunda zoroshye zo gufumbira ifumbire ni ingenzi kimwe n'ukoguhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye.

6.3 Iyo nta na kimwe muri byo ari cyo gihitamo cyiza kurusha ibindi

Mu bihe byinshi, gupfunyika ifumbire cyangwa ibora si igisubizo cyiza. Igikorwa kimwe cyiza ku isi ni ukurandura burundu ibintu bidakenewe gukoreshwa rimwe gusa. Ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, imifuka y'imyenda, ibyatsi by'icyuma, n'uburyo bwo kongeramo imyanda bituma imyanda iba mike cyane muri rusange. Iyo bikenewe cyane gukoreshwa rimwe gusa (urugero, isuku cyangwa umutekano w'ibiribwa), ifumbire yemewe ifite uburenganzira bwo kugera ku bikoresho bikwiye akenshi ni yo ntambwe ikurikiraho nziza. Kugabanya ikoreshwa ryose biza mbere yo guhitamo hagati y'ibikoresho bitandukanye "byatsi".

7. Ifumbire cyangwa Ibora: Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi muri make

Kugira ngo itandukaniro ryoroshye kurisobanukirwa mu kanya gato, imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igereranya ipaki iborera n'ibora mu bintu by'ingenzi.

Iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza itandukaniro ry'ingenzi hagati ya pulasitiki ishobora kubora n'ibora kandi igafasha gusobanura neza gufata ibyemezo.

8. Ibintu by'ingenzi by'ingenzi

• Mu by'ukuri, ikintu gishobora kubora bivuze iki? Bisobanura ko ikintu gishobora kwangirika, ariko atari ngombwa ko kiboneka mu buryo bw'ingirakamaro cyangwa mu gihe gikwiye.
• Gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda mu rugo ni ingenzi kuko si ibintu byose bishobora gukorerwa ifumbire mvaruganda bikora mu rugo.
• Ibikoresho byo gupfunyikamo ifumbire nka PLA, PBAT, na masashi byagenewe kugaruka mu buzima busanzwe mu mutekano.
• Amabwiriza agenga ifumbire mvaruganda atuma ibirego by’ifumbire mvaruganda byizewe.
• Ese koko pulasitiki ibora ntingiza ibidukikije? Akenshi oya - cyane cyane iyo hari pulasitiki ntoya.

Kwiga iby'ibanze mu gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda n'uburyo bwo kuyitunganya neza ni ingenzi kimwe no guhitamo ipaki ikwiye. Ku basomyi bashaka kwinjira mu by'ibanze mu gutunganya ifumbire mvaruganda no kuyitondekanya, iyi nyandiko igufashaibisubizo birambye byo gupfunyikaitanga intambwe zifatika zikurikiraho.

9. Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa)

9.1 Ese ibintu bishobora kubora bishobora kujya mu ifumbire y'imborera?

Kenshi na kenshi, oya. Keretse niba ibicuruzwa byemejwe ko bishobora kubora, ntabwo bigomba gushyirwa mu bubiko bw'ifumbire y'imborera.

9.2 Ni gute umuntu yamenya niba ikintu gishoboka koko mu rugo?

Shaka ibyapa nka “OK Composted HOME” cyangwa “Home Compostable.” Ibicuruzwa byanditseho gusa “compostable” akenshi bisaba ifumbire mvaruganda.

9.3 Ese pulasitiki zishobora gushongeshwa n'ifumbire mvaruganda zisenyuka mu nyanja?

Oya. Plastiki zikoreshwa mu gufumbira zigenewe gufumbira ibidukikije, ntabwo ari ibidukikije byo mu mazi. Zishobora kuguma mu mazi igihe kirekire.

9.4 Ese ibikomoka ku ifumbire mvaruganda ni byiza kuruta ibishobora kongera gukoreshwa?

Si buri gihe. Gukoresha ibikoresho nk'ibirahure, ibyuma, na pulasitiki akenshi ni byiza. Gukoresha ifumbire ni byiza cyane mu gupfunyikamo ibiryo n'imyanda y'umwimerere.

9.5 Kuki ubucuruzi bugomba kwita ku gupakira ifumbire mvaruganda cyangwa ibora?

Guhitamo ipaki ikwiye:

• Guhitamo ipaki ikwiye:
• Bigabanya imyanda
• Yirinda ibirego biyobya ku bidukikije
• Ishyigikira intego zirambye
• Binoza imikorere y'ibidukikije